Draft horse

Overall description of the breed

The draft horse is an impressive breed of horse, recognized for its strength and ability to pull heavy loads. These horses were selected and bred for their power, with their history dating back mainly to the 18th century. At that time, they were primarily used for military purposes, notably for pulling heavy artillery wagons. Their development accompanied the Industrial Revolution and the improvement of agricultural equipment in the 19th century, such as plows. In addition to their agricultural use, these horses also served in towing boats and transporting people and materials with horse-drawn vehicles.

With the advent of the railway, their role evolved. Although trains reduced their use for certain tasks, draft horses remained indispensable for transporting goods from train stations. However, with the modernization of public transport and the motorization of boats, horse-drawn trams, towing, and stagecoaches gradually disappeared. Eventually, the introduction of the tractor marked the end of their primary use, significantly reducing their population in the countries where they were traditionally bred.

In France and Belgium, in particular, the breeding of these horses was redirected towards meat production for human consumption. This change led to the disappearance of many draft horse breeds due to insufficient demand. However, since the 1990s, there has been a revival of interest in draft horses, especially for leisure riding, driving, and certain work tasks. Despite this, in France, they are still mainly bred for their meat.

Physically, draft horses are imposing. They possess well-developed muscles, a broad chest, strong limbs, and a robust stature. Their height generally ranges between 16 and 18 hands (64 to 72 inches) at the withers, and their weight can reach 2,000 to 2,600 pounds or more for some breeds. They have a broad head, expressive eyes, and thick manes. These horses are known for their endurance and ability to work hard over long periods.

In terms of health, draft horses are generally robust, but their considerable weight can sometimes cause health issues, particularly with their joints and hooves. A balanced diet and regular care are essential to maintaining their health.

Their temperament is often described as docile and patient. They are known for their calmness and gentleness, making them ideal companions for work and leisure. Their training and handling require patience and gentleness because, despite their strength, they are sensitive and respond well to respectful treatment.

Draft horses are represented by various clubs and studbooks according to their breed. For example, the Percheron, one of the most well-known draft horse breeds, is represented by the Société Hippique Percheronne de France. Other breeds such as the Shire, the Clydesdale, or the Belgian have their own studbooks and associations. Most of these breeds are officially recognized by international organizations such as the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI).

Thus, although the role of the draft horse has evolved over time, it remains a symbol of power and dedication, appreciated as much for its working abilities as for its affable character. Their continued presence in the modern world testifies to their adaptability and the affection shown to them by their breeders and users.